Year 4 (Old Syllabus) • BP-OLD-402
Clinical Pharmacy & Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (Old University Syllabus)
Compiled by Dr. Sarah Thomas, PharmD
Chapter 1: General Principles: Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacokinetics summarizes "what the body does to the drug", governed by the four sequential phases: Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion (ADME).
1.1 Volume of Distribution (\(V_d\))
\[ V_d = \frac{\text{Total amount of drug in body}}{\text{Plasma concentration } (C_p)} \]
A high \(V_d\) (e.g., Chloroquine \(> 1000\text{ L}\)) indicates extensive tissue binding and sequestration, whereas a low \(V_d\) (e.g., Warfarin \(\approx 7\text{ L}\)) indicates the drug is largely confined to the vascular compartment bound to albumin.
Chapter 2: Autonomic Pharmacology (ANS)
2.1 Parasympathetic & Sympathetic Systems
| Feature | Sympathetic (Adrenergic) | Parasympathetic (Cholinergic) |
|---|---|---|
| Outflow | Thoracolumbar (T1-L2) | Craniosacral (CN III, VII, IX, X; S2-S4) |
| Primary Transmitters | Noradrenaline (Postganglionic) | Acetylcholine (ACh) |
| Pupil (Eye) | Mydriasis (α1 receptor) | Miosis (M3 receptor) |
| Heart Rate | Positive chronotropic (β1) | Negative chronotropic (M2) |
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